The Crusades were a series of religious wars between Christians and Muslims started primarily to secure control of holy sites considered sacred by both groups. In all, eight major Crusade expeditions occurred between and The bloody, violent and often ruthless The leader of Zimbabwe since its independence in , Robert Mugabe was one of the longest-serving and, in the latter years of his reign, most infamous African rulers.
In , General Idi Amin overthrew the elected government of Milton Obote and declared himself president of Uganda, launching a ruthless eight-year regime in which an estimated , civilians were massacred.
His expulsion of all Indian and Pakistani citizens in —along The South African activist and former president Nelson Mandela helped bring an end to apartheid and has been a global advocate for human rights. A member of the African National Congress party beginning in the s, he was a leader of both peaceful protests and After the National Party gained power in South Africa in , its all-white government immediately began enforcing Since declaring a The war, which claimed an estimated , lives, pitted Britain, France, Turkey and Sardinia against Russia, whose ruler, Czar Nicholas I, was attempting to expand Was Albert Einstein really a poor student, did he almost become the president of Israel and what, if anything, did he have to do with the development of the atomic bomb?
Separate Einstein myth from reality and explore some of the most startling chapters from the life story of It enables a more direct route for shipping between Europe and Asia, effectively allowing for passage from the North Atlantic to the Indian Ocean without having to Live TV. This Day In History. History Vault. Recommended for you. Salahuddin joined the staff of his uncle, an important military commander under ruler and military leader Nur al-Din, who was the son and successor of Sultan Imad ad-Din Zengi of Mosul.
In , Salahuddin, at the age of 31, became the commander of the Syrian troops in Egypt and vizier of the Fatimid caliphate there. He abolished the Fatimid caliphate in Three years later, Salahuddin declared himself sultan of Egypt and founded the Ayyubid dynasty after Nur al-Din's death in Soon he moved to cement his control over Syria and later captured Aleppo in and Mosul in After reuniting Syria and Egypt, Salahuddin set out to launch a campaign against the Crusaders, who controlled Jerusalem.
In the northern Israeli city of Tiberias, he faced the combined Crusader forces and defeated them on July 4, He conquered most of the Crusader states, including the Kingdom of Jerusalem, after his victory at the Battle of Hattin on Oct.
At Jerusalem, that fervour reached fever pitch. Though their initial attempt to take the city by siege was repelled by the Muslim garrison, they responded by renewing their efforts. Then, on 13 July they renewed their assault upon the Holy City. The critical moment in the siege came at dawn on 15 July. Through it, the crusaders were able to enter the city.
Shortly after, the crusaders attacking from the south also infiltrated beyond the walls. Contemporary accounts relate that as the crusaders stormed the city they slaughtered its inhabitants, most of whom were Muslim. One chronicler from northern France stated that none of them — not even women and children — were spared. As we have seen, the southern French chronicler recounted that many were killed near the Temple of Solomon, the building known to Muslims as the Al-Aqsa mosque.
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