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Sign Me Up. Print This Page Click to Print. Staying Healthy. Children's Health. This reductionist approach, taken in most of the studies, fails to bring to light the impact of the interventions on overall host resistance. A validated mathematical model should be used to estimate and predict the relationship between multiple immunological parameters and host resistance.
Very few studies addressed physical activity levels. Exercise is usually comprised of more structured physical activities, often performed at a vigorous intensity. So, physical activity is a complex multidimensional set of behaviours, with possible measurements made of its duration, frequency, intensity or setting. This has made assessment in trials difficult to perform. The subjects of included studies were from different sports or non-fit individuals, exercising in different environmental and stress conditions making any generalizations open to question.
Another problem was the lack of randomized, controlled trials assessing the effect of different levels of physical activity in incident infections—those studies are extremely, almost impossible, to perform. The present study has an important strength.
Because of a comprehensive search strategy, omission of important trials seems unlikely. Besides improving methodological issues, such as randomisation procedures, allocation concealment, selection of subjects and reporting of adverse events, future studies should make an effort to objectively assess physical activity and exercise intensity. Future investigations should strive to consider individuals with allergic conditions and to include methods of assessing the severity, duration and treatment of upper respiratory infections.
These would ideally be based on objective criteria, such as the detection of the virus in isolates or seroconversion. Trials should also refer to the exercise training strategy as exercise itself is an important immunomodulator. In conclusion, numerous studies have shown an inverse relationship between exercise workloads and function of the immune system. Does exercise increase the risk of URTIs? Moderate activity may enhance immune function above sedentary levels, whereas excessive amounts of prolonged, high-intensity exercise impair the immune competence.
We hypothesize this relationship is most likely affected by individual determinants such as fitness, nutritional status or atopy. It is possible that among elite athletes, the relationship between exercise load and immune dysfunction tends to flat, while the J-curve relationship would be seen in the less fit subjects. However, evidence supporting clinical translation of this immunodepression to confirmed illness is lacking and should be subject of research in future studies.
Conflict of interest: All authors contributed to the conception, design of the study and interpretation of results. All authors approved the final version for publication. Google Scholar. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide.
Sign In or Create an Account. Sign In. Advanced Search. Search Menu. Article Navigation. Close mobile search navigation Article Navigation. Volume Article Contents Abstract. Does exercise increase the risk of upper respiratory tract infections? Moreira, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine. Oxford Academic. Pedro Moreira. Tari Haahtela. Select Format Select format.
Permissions Icon Permissions. Abstract Introduction or background. Table 1 Characteristics of studies examining the influence of exercise or training and the risk of upper respiratory infections. Study type and reference. Design and athletes. Exercise or event. Outcomes and results. Descriptive Green et al. Open in new tab. Table 2 Quality rating of included studies. Open in new tab Download slide. Ultramarathon running and upper respiratory tract infections.
An epidemiological survey. Google Scholar PubMed. The effect of altitude on the incidence of upper respiratory tract infections following participation in ultramarathon events Abstract.
Influence of carbohydrate ingestion on immune changes after 2 h of intensive resistance training. Google Scholar Crossref. Search ADS. Effects of mode and carbohydrate on the granulocyte and monocyte response to intensive, prolonged exercise. Exercise-induced immunomodulation—possible roles of neuroendocrine and metabolic factors.
Carbohydrate supplementation affects blood granulocyte and monocyte trafficking but not function after 2. Triathlon competition induced a transient immunosuppressive change in the peripheral blood of athletes. University of Ottawa Nutritional modulation of exercise-induced immunodepression in athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Epstein—Barr virus reactivation and upper-respiratory illness in elite swimmers. Vitamin C supplementation reduces the incidence of postrace symptoms of upper-respiratory-tract infection in ultramarathon runners.
The effects of moderate exercise training on natural killer cells and acute upper respiratory tract infections. Incidence, etiology, and symptomatology of upper respiratory illness in elite athletes.
Immune status and respiratory illness for elite swimmers during a week training cycle. A prospective study of swimming-related illness.
Swimming-associated health risk. Vitamin C as effective as combinations of anti-oxidant nutrients in reducing symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection URTI in ultramarathon runners. Influence of training loads on patterns of illness in elite distance runners.
Vitamin C supplementation and upper respiratory tract infections in marathon runners. The effect of probiotics on respiratory infections and gastrointestinal symptoms during training in marathon runners. Allergy in marathon runners and effect of Lactobacillus GG supplementation on allergic inflammatory markers. Oral administration of the probiotic Lactobacillus fermentum VRI and mucosal immunity in endurance athletes.
Effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG on cells of innate and adaptive immunity and inflammatory markers in non-elite marathon runners during training period. Glutamine supplementation in vitro and in vivo, in exercise and in immunodepression. Asthma and increased bronchial responsiveness in elite athletes: atopy and sport event as risk factors. Respiratory symptoms, bronchial responsiveness, and cellular characteristics of induced sputum in elite swimmers. Competitive swimmers with allergic asthma show a mixed type of airway inflammation.
Special feature for the Olympics: effects of exercise on the immune system: overview of the epidemiology of exercise immunology. Evaluation of multivariate statistical methods for analysis and modeling of immunotoxicology data. Physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness: definitions and distinctions for health-related research. Short-term changes in the immune system of elite swimmers under competition conditions. Different immunomodulation induced by various types of sport.
Physical activity and upper respiratory tract infections in a normal population of young men and women: the Amsterdam Growth and Health Study.
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