All major groups of vertebrates, including mammals, birds, reptiles and fish, are involved. Even well-known carnivores such as wolves occasionally eat seeds and other plant material. Large-bodied frugivores, like tapirs, cassowaries and elephants, are important seed dispersers. Double dispersal Sometimes seeds pass through not just one animal but two! Benefits of poo dispersal The most important benefit of seed dispersal through animal poo is distance.
Challenges and damages Seed dispersal through animal poo is defined as a form of allochory, meaning the plant relies on external entities for dispersal. This is opposed to autochory, when dispersal is achieved by the plant's own means. Dispersal by poo relies on the survival of the seed-ingesting animals within the ecosystem. For most temperate fruits, energy in the form of sugars is the most abundant nutrient.
Other vitamins and minerals may also be influential. For example, rose hips are known to be high in vitamin C. Nutrients may be more indirect in effect than appearance. The fruiting display must balance maximizing gains from attracting effective dispersers while minimizing losses from also attracting ineffective dispersers. Thus, we can determine the effectiveness of a fruiting display by the number of seeds successfully dispersed per effort for the entire fruit crop.
For example, if the animal selects fruit on the basis of energy content, then effort is the amount of kilojoules of energy of the entire fruit crop. Effectiveness is then measured in units of numbers of seeds dispersed successfully relative to the amount of energy of the fruit crop. In conclusion, foraging behavior is an important component of the plant-seed disperser interaction. Foraging behavior determines how fruits are chosen, and where the seeds are deposited.
Toxin content, fruit appearance, and nutrient content may influence how fruits are selected and where seeds are deposited. By examining the behavioral components of the seed dispersal process, we can better understand how coevolution between plants and their dispersers may take place. Herrera, C. Seed dispersal by vertebrates. Pages in C. Herrera and O. Pellmyr, editors. Plant-animal interactions: an evolutionary approach. Blackwell Science Ltd.
Malden, Massachusetts, USA. Schupp, E. Learning Objectives Summarize the ways in which fruits and seeds may be dispersed. Seeds dispersed by water are found in light and buoyant fruits, while those dispersed by wind may have specialized wing-like appendages. Humans also play a role as dispersers by moving fruit to new places and discarding the inedible portions containing the seeds. Some seeds have the ability to remain dormant and germinate when favorable conditions arise.
Key Terms seed dormancy : a seed with the ability to delay germination and propagation of the species until suitable conditions are found dispersal : the movement of a few members of a species to a new geographical area, resulting in differentiation of the original group into new varieties or species.
Fruit and Seed Dispersal In addition to protecting the embryo, the fruit plays an important role in seed dispersal. Provided by : Boundless. Provided by : Wiktionary. Mokotjomela, T.
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